Which therapy is right?

Referral via GP, hospital consultant, or self-referral in some areas.
 

Visit NHS.uk and search “speech and language therapy” with your postcode for local details.

 How to find a speech and language therapist  | RCSLT 

Therapists are HCPC-registered and work under NHS guidelines
 

Directly contact a private therapist via the Association of Speech and Language Therapists in Independent Practice (ASLTIP)
 

Most therapists offer a free or low-cost consultation to discuss needs 

Average Costs 

• Initial assessment: £100–£180
   
• Therapy sessions: £75–£125 per 45–60 minutes
   
• Travel/home/initial assessment visits may cost extra

Check the Register and find a registered health and care professional | The HCPC

 Developing early Foundations for Speech and Language in CAS 

 23 language and literacy tips to support your child - BBC Bitesize

  What is Forward and Backward Chaining in Apraxia Therapy?

 Is eye contact essential if you have speech apraxia? 

 Should a clinician use a speech-generating device in therapy? 

 CAS and Phonological Disorders: Can They Co-Occur? 

 Forward and Backward Chaining in Apraxia Therapy 

Apps can be useful but get guidance from an SLT. Look at this list to see if any fit.

2021 App Guide - Final 

Aphasia and apraxia frequently co-occur in acquired apraxia of speech

 Free online aphasia therapy 

 Research and Evidence | Aphasia Software Finder 

See our product review of Cuespeak

1. Assessment

Children may present with multiple speech sound disorders (e.g., CAS+ articulation errors or CAS + phonological errors).
Assessment should determine the relative contribution of each disorder to guide therapy planning.
 

2. Structuring Therapy Sessions

Divide sessions into:
 

Motor-based practice → targeting Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
Linguistic-based practice → addressing phonological errors3. Practical Example

Fronting errors:
Step 1: Teach tongue placement for /t/ vs. /k/.Step 2: Reinforce with minimal pairs (e.g., tea vs. key).
 

4. Therapy Considerations for CAS

Increased motor practice and repetitions are typically required. Use meaningful words that support both speech accuracy and vocabulary growth.
Incorporate principles of motor learning (blocked vs. random practice, varied contexts, feedback control).
 

5. Complexity Approach

Sometimes target harder sounds or clusters first to promote generalisation.
Evidence for CAS is limited, but this can occasionally unlock new movement patterns and support progress.

Assessment involves evaluating motor planning, speech production, language, and related systems by a registered speech and language therapist.

 Does CAS get better on its own? 

Visit  Apraxia of Speech in Adults  for more information

 Say It Right: Why Placement Matters in Apraxia Therapy 

Speech Apraxia: Why Oral-Motor and Tactile Cues Matter 

 Example CAS Speech Protocol 

 Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) focuses on whole movement gestures rather than isolated sounds. Vowels and prosody — often challenging for children with CAS — are targeted early. Word targets are highly individualized: instead of standard word lists or picture cards, the speech-language pathologist selects meaningful, functional words that match the child’s specific speech movement goals. This ensures therapy is relevant, motivating, and directly linked to the child’s real-life communication needs 

 DTTC uses cues tailored to each child’s needs rather than applying a fixed set of prompts. Cueing strategies may include slowing speech, speaking in unison, modeling mouth movements, or simple tactile cues. These supports are “dynamic” — increased when needed to help the child succeed and reduced as soon as possible to promote independence. The therapist continuously adapts cues during practice, ensuring the child stays engaged, avoids frustration, and builds confidence while developing new speech movement patterns. 

 Because speech is a motor skill, DTTC therapy sessions are designed to give children extensive practice opportunities. Activities are structured to keep the pace brisk, with quick, simple reinforcements to maintain focus and motivation. The high number of practice trials in each session helps strengthen the motor planning and movement patterns necessary for clearer, more natural speech. This combination of relevant targets, personalised cueing, and high-intensity practice is what sets DTTC apart from many other CAS treatment methods. 

This approach offers a high evidence base; click on the link to read. 

 A Pathway to Research-Reliable Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Multiphase Process for Training Community Clinicians | American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 

 Photo is  

Free training is available online  

FREE Continuing Education Opportunities – Child Apraxia Treatment 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=hrv0r4Oqxs0&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F%2Frest.sydney.edu.au%2F&source_ve_path=Mjg2NjY  ReST has been tested for children up to 13 but is currently being trailed with adults.  ReST Rapid Syllable Transition Training – ReST Rapid Syllable Transition Training 

ReST is an evidence-based treatment for treating children but could be adapted for adults with childhood apraxia of speech or ataxic  dysarthria. Both disorders are motor speech disorders, where children know what they want to say but cannot  plan in their heads the movements required for clear speech.  

The ReST treatment uses nonsense words – words that sound and read like real words, but do not have any  meaning. This allows children to concentrate on their movements, lessens the need for working on old words which  already have errors and allows clinicians to make words specifically for each child’s needs 

The Kaufman Technique is a motor-based speech therapy approach designed to help children with childhood apraxia of speech progress from simpler speech forms to more complex, adult-like words and phrases. It focuses on teaching the motor plans for speech through systematic, step-by-step shaping. 

Strengths: adaptable for various ages and severity levels, promotes early communication success, motivating for children.
Considerations: works best with frequent sessions and may be combined with other approaches, such as DTTC, to address additional speech elements like prosody. .

Kaufman Speech to Language Protocol official website: kidspeech.co 

Evidence review: The Informed SLP – Kaufman Protocol

• Successive Approximation – simplifying words into easier forms the child can produce, then gradually shaping them toward the correct version (e.g., “banana” → “nana” → “bana” → “banana”).
   
• High Repetition – frequent practice to reinforce motor learning.
   
• Visual and Tactile Cues – prompts and modelling to guide mouth movements.
   
• Functional Vocabulary – focusing on words that are meaningful to the child’s daily life.

Photos from speechkids.com

The Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme (NDP3® Complete) is a flexible therapy designed for children aged 3 to 7, but it can be adapted for younger or older learners. It starts by building on the speech skills a child already has, creating a full inventory of sounds at different levels of complexity. With over 500 structured worksheets, it allows practice at home and school while keeping therapy fun, engaging, and motivating. 

NDP3® Complete guides therapists in planning and progressing therapy in achievable steps, offering strategies to overcome challenges. Its adaptable approach means sessions can be personalised to each child’s needs, helping them stay motivated while making steady improvements. Combining structured practice with individualised planning, this programme supports confident, effective communication and long-term progress in speech development. 

 NDP3 – For the management of Childhood Apraxia of Speech/Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia and other severe speech disorders 

 An evidence-based approach designed for patients with severe apraxia of speech who are caught in verbal motor loops, helping them create new neural pathways for effective communication. 

Severe apraxia of speech often traps patients in frustrating verbal motor loops where they produce stereotypic utterances—repetitive, invariant phrases that aren't contextually appropriate. These patients typically have limited functional vocabulary and minimal phrase production ability. 

MIPT harnesses the brain's neuroplasticity to create new neural pathways for speech production. By systematically using existing stereotypic utterances as a foundation, therapists help patients build bridges to new, functional speech patterns.

This approach recognizes that even damaged brains can form new connections when presented with consistent, structured sensory input across multiple modalities

1. Record and model the client's speech, providing gestural and prosodic cues.

2. Fade Cues

3. Introduce New Targets

4. Increase complexity

Stevens and Glaser (1983) conducted a cohort study (N=5) with stroke patients aged 49-73, demonstrating significant gains in verbal expression and reduction of perseverative utterances at the single word level. Current evidence suggests MIPT is particularly valuable for patients who have not responded to traditional apraxia treatments.

The 8-Step Continuum is an articulatory kinematic approach for apraxia of speech. It emphasizes improving the timing and placement of speech movements using modeling, positioning, and repetition. Integral stimulation—where patients observe the clinician’s face during speech—is central to the method, engaging visual, auditory, and motor pathways to support speech production. 

This method was initially created for individuals with severe apraxia of speech. It offers a structured and intensive framework to rebuild speech abilities, especially when comprehensive intervention is needed to establish consistent sound production and improve intelligibility in profoundly affected individuals. 

 Although designed for severe apraxia, the 8-Step Continuum is flexible. Specific steps can be selectively applied to treat milder cases, helping clinicians tailor therapy based on a patient’s unique needs, speech challenges, and progression without overwhelming them with the full protocol. 

 The steps include (1) clinician and patient say word together, (2) patient says word while clinician mouths it, (3) patient imitates modeled word, (4) independent repetition, (5) saying a written word, (6) saying word from visual memory, (7) saying word in response to a prompt, (8) using word in natural conversation or role-play. 

 Rosenbek et al. (1973) showed improved articulation and sequencing in three individuals with severe apraxia using this method. These early results highlighted the potential of structured, multisensory cueing in restoring speech function for patients with profound speech-motor planning deficits. 

Deal and Florance (1978) validated the approach with four additional severe apraxia cases. Their work supported its clinical effectiveness and demonstrated that it could be adapted for use in home programs, increasing accessibility and reinforcing therapy through caregiver-led practice outside clinical settings. 

This approach systematically trains consonant and vowel production. It begins with simple nonwords and progresses to functional speech. Designed for individuals with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) or acquired apraxia of speech (AOS), it addresses challenges in speech motor planning across varied phonetic contexts and longer utterances. 

Initial assessment rates production ease of speech sounds. Based on this, 3–4 consonants and 3–5 vowels are selected. As speech improves, more difficult sounds are gradually added in stages, usually expanding consonants first, followed by vowels. 

Professor Van de Merwe writes for Speech Apraxia UK-The SML Program was designed to guide the individual in re-/acquiring these components of speech motor planning. The treatment stimuli of the SML program address this aim and software that generates stimuli can be downloaded from www.apraxia-anitavandermerwe.co.za. The treatment starts with a small number of vowels and consonants that the speaker finds easy to produce and are combined in nonwords arranged in series. Real words containing these sounds are also introduced from the start of treatment. Across time more sounds are incorporated. In addition to clinical evidence, two experimental studies showed positive effects in both a child with CAS and an adult with AOS (Van der Merwe, 2011; 2018).

Research Gate

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anita_Merwe/contributions

ORCID ID

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6249-4718

Treatment begins with consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel (CVCV) nonwords (e.g., “paba”) using the easiest sounds. It then progresses to CVC words (e.g., “pam”), then longer nonwords (e.g., “patikam”), before introducing functional real words and phrases. Each level builds articulatory complexity systematically. 

Research by Van der Merwe (2011, 2018) supports the approach for both AOS and CAS. While surface gains in sound production are common, true improvements target underlying motor planning, supporting automatic speech use and long-term generalization beyond therapy. 

Strengths:

• Structured complexity progression
• Individualized starting points
• Validated for adults and children
• Direct focus on motor planning deficits

Limitations:

• Unclear link to participation and real-life communication
• More research needed on quality-of-life impact and functional gains

Script training is an evidence-based intervention used to improve functional communication for individuals with aphasia and apraxia of speech. The client and SLT work together to create personalized scripts based on specific, meaningful interactions. These scripts are practiced repeatedly until memorized. Benefits include improved speech rate, sentence structure, and communicative confidence. The approach emphasizes real-world relevance, helping clients communicate more effectively in predictable, everyday situations that matter to them. 

Script training supports diverse client needs. For those with fluent aphasia, it provides structured language templates. For non-fluent aphasia, it offers repetitive, predictable phrases to reinforce speech. Individuals with apraxia of speech benefit through focused motor speech pattern practice. This method is especially effective for clients with defined communication goals, such as ordering food or greeting coworkers, where mastering specific phrases has a tangible, positive impact on daily interactions. 

Script training follows a structured but personalized format:

1. Identify a functional need—a situation meaningful to the client.
2. Create a script collaboratively therapist and client build natural, tailored dialogue.
3. Engage in repeated practice—client memorizes the script with support.
4. Implement in real life—client uses the script in actual settings, reinforcing confidence and effectiveness. The collaborative nature makes it empowering, helping clients take ownership of their speech improvement journey.

 Youmans et al. (2011) evaluated script training in three individuals with apraxia of speech. All participants successfully memorized their scripts, and two improved their speech rate. Most impressively, script retention was observed six months after treatment, demonstrating lasting effects. These results support script training as a viable intervention for enhancing long-term functional communication skills, especially when focused on relevant, practiced dialogues that transfer effectively to real-world use. 

Script training is highly resource-efficient, requiring minimal equipment and enabling focused home practice. It enhances functional communication by building familiarity with real-life interactions, encourages participation, and boosts confidence in social scenarios. The collaborative process fosters engagement and ownership. As scripts are based on the client’s needs and interests, motivation is often high, and progress is both measurable and meaningful in day-to-day life. 

Despite its strengths, script training has limitations. It’s best suited to predictable, routine interactions and may not generalize to more spontaneous conversations. Success depends on motivation and practice, which can vary among clients. It is not a comprehensive solution for all communication challenges but rather a targeted strategy to address specific goals. Integrating script training with broader therapy approaches often yields the best functional outcomes. 

 Script Training Treatment for Adults With Apraxia of Speech | American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 

Pacing is a technique that breaks words or syllables into smaller, manageable parts to slow speech and improve clarity. By separating sounds that may otherwise blur together, it helps individuals speak more clearly and deliberately. Pacing is especially beneficial for people with apraxia of speech, stuttering, or aphasia with motor speech issues. It supports better intelligibility and enhances communication by making speech easier for both the speaker and the listener.
 

Pacing slows down speech, reducing the impact of rushed or blurred articulation. It encourages more deliberate speech, improves intelligibility, and helps reduce listener confusion. Pacing also supports breath control and promotes self-awareness during speaking. By improving speech clarity, it allows for better participation in conversations. It is particularly effective for motor speech disorders, offering a structured way to manage and monitor speech production without relying on complex tools or technology. 

Pacing boards are simple visual tools with dots or circles arranged on a plain background. Each dot represents a syllable or speech segment. The user points to each dot while speaking, helping break words into clear parts. SLTs model the technique, then the client practices by pointing as they say each syllable. This method builds independence, self-monitoring, and clarity, using familiar words or phrases to reinforce success and make speech feel more natural. 

Model: SLT points to each dot while saying a word slowly.

Practice: The client repeats, pointing to each dot per syllable.

Apply: Use agreed everyday words or phrases during practice.

Progress: Encourage independent use and generalization.
This structured approach helps the speaker monitor and control their rate, promoting clearer speech and gradual mastery of pacing techniques for daily communication situations.

Pacing can be implemented using traditional paper-based boards or digital apps. Modern pacing apps often include features like audio feedback or animations to support speech rhythm. Both approaches reinforce consistency, aid clarity, and can be tailored to suit client preferences and goals. Whether using low-tech or high-tech options, pacing tools offer flexible support and can be easily integrated with other speech therapy interventions for optimal results. 

Studies comparing Sound Production Treatment (SPT) and Metrical Pacing Therapy (MPT) found that most participants benefited from both approaches, with slightly greater improvements in SPT. Benefits included better speech intelligibility, reduced fatigue, increased participation, and enhanced prosody. Pacing also helps lower cognitive load during speech and promotes self-monitoring. It’s a low-cost, effective intervention that supports long-term speech development and can complement other therapies to meet diverse communication needs.