Co-occurring Conditions with Apraxia of Speech

Giving a voice to individuals with apraxia of speech

What comorbidities are commonly found with speech apraxia?

Can apraxia of speech be present alone?

yes, Speech apraxia can be present on its own with no other conditions.

What other co-occuring conditions can there be?

With developmental apraxia of speech, people may find speech is a struggle generally, with conditions such as general dyspraxia common. Later acquired apraxia of speech commonly coincides with aphasia, stroke, or neurological diseases.

There may be less attention given to speech apraxia if individuals have conditions such as learning disabilities or communication impairments. We are against this ableism and feel everyone deserves the same access to speech apraxia assessment.

Speech apraxia is not often a diagnosis in isolation: it may be:

Idiopathic (isolated CAS) with no known cause.
Syndromic, when part of a broader neurogenetic or neurodevelopmental profile.
Acquired, following neurological damage or degeneration.

Other Speech conditions commonly found alongside

Unlike aphasia (language difficulty) or dysarthria (muscle weakness affecting speech), apraxia specifically impacts the brain's ability to coordinate the complex movements required for accurate speech production. Picture is from ASHA website

Articulation disorders

Articulation disorders are due to difficulty making the correct movements for speech. It usually affects only a small number of sounds. Common examples in English are where the ‘s’ sound is said like a ‘th’ sound e.g. sing sounds like thing (a lisp) and ‘r’ sounds like ‘w’ e.g. ‘rabbit’ sounds like ‘wabbit’. The child finds it difficult to say the sound on its own and in words. Some children find this impacts on their wellbeing and mental health. Referral to speech and language therapy can help. Some articulation disorders make speech very hard to understand. These children should be referred to speech and language therapy.

Phonological disorders

Phonological disorders are when the child has difficulty using sounds in the correct place in a word or is using the wrong sounds in words. The child can say the sound on its own but has difficulty saying it in words or misses out sounds e.g. the child can say ‘k’ and ‘g’ on their own, but says ‘teep’ instead of ‘keep’ or ‘pid’ instead of ‘pig’. These can make the child very difficult to understand to people outside their family and sometimes to close family members. These children should be referred to speech and language therapy.

Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonology

Dysarthria

Dysarthria is a condition characterized by impaired articulation of speech due to neurological or muscular dysfunction affecting the muscles used for speaking. Anarthria refers to a more severe form where speech is completely absent. These disorders are typically caused by conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, or neurodegenerative diseases (ICD-10-CM R47.1)

Differences in voice quality (e.g., strained, breathy) -

Reduced breath support and short phrases -

Altered resonance (e.g., hypernasality) - Consistent, imprecise articulation - Prosody changes related to rate and volume

newcastle-ebp-dysarthria-assessment-tool-n-dat-dec-2015.pdf

Practical-resource-pack-for-someone-with-dysarthria.pdf

Headway: communication problems after brain injury

Stroke Association: communication tools

Aphasia

Aphasia (also called dysphasia) is a condition that makes it difficult to communicate. It can make it hard to speak, read, write and understand others. It's often caused by a stroke or brain injury. There's no cure, but people usually improve with treatment

Neurodevelopmental and Neurological Conditions

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) – CAS can co-occur in a subset of autistic children; some research suggests higher prevalence.

Global Developmental Delay / Intellectual Disability – CAS may be one component of a broader neurodevelopmental profile.

Communication and people with the most complex needs: What works and why this is essential -report 1488642010_Communication_guide.pdf

Epileptic encephalopathies (e.g. Landau–Kleffner syndrome, West syndrome) – may involve acquired or developmental speech apraxia.

Cerebral palsy (particularly with basal ganglia involvement) – though more often dysarthric, CAS features may also appear.

Acquired Conditions Associated with Acquired apraxia of speech (in older children or adults)

Stroke or Brain Injury

Left hemisphere stroke, particularly in the inferior frontal gyrus, insula, or motor cortex areas responsible for speech planning.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) – if speech motor planning areas are affected.

Neurodegenerative Disorders

Primary Progressive Apraxia of Speech (PPAOS) – a distinct neurodegenerative motor speech disorder, often linked to tauopathies.
Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) – especially the non-fluent/agrammatic variant, where AOS may coexist.
Corticobasal degeneration – can include apraxia of speech among other motor planning deficits.

Conditions that can co-exist

Aphasia with acquired apraxia of speech

It is rare to have acquired apraxia of speech without some degree of aphasia.

Aphasia, on the other hand, is a language disorder caused by damage to the brain's language centers. It affects the ability to understand, produce, read, or write language. Aphasia can be classified as motor (non-fluent) aphasia, where speech production is primarily affected, or sensory (fluent) aphasia, where comprehension is more impaired

Co-Occurrence and Neural Basis

AOS and aphasia frequently co-occur, particularly after stroke or left hemisphere injury, because the brain regions responsible for speech motor planning and language processing are anatomically adjacent and sometimes overlapping Clinical studies show a double dissociation, meaning a person can have one disorder without the other, but they often appear together, especially in non-fluent aphasia
While aphasia primarily involves language networks, AOS involves motor planning networks for speech. This distinction is important for diagnosis: pure AOS occurs without language deficits, whereas aphasia can exist without motor speech impairment

Clinical Implications

Diagnosis: Differentiating AOS from aphasia is critical because treatment approaches differ. AOS therapy focuses on motor planning and speech coordination, often using repetitive practice, metronome pacing, or visual cues

. Aphasia therapy targets language comprehension and expression, including word retrieval, sentence formation, and reading/writing skills

Treatment Prioritization: When both disorders are present, clinicians often address language deficits first to improve overall communication, while simultaneously incorporating motor speech exercises for AOS

Assessment: Speech-language pathologists use specific tests to distinguish between AOS and aphasia, examining features like sequential motion rates, speech sound errors, and comprehension abilities

Acquired Apraxia of Speech: Diagnosis and Treatment Tactus Therapy

Auditory Processing disorder (APD)

Research suggests there may be an overlap between Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) and Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), as both can involve difficulties processing, perceiving and producing speech; however, they are distinct conditions, and a comprehensive assessment is important to identify whether one or both disorders are present.

What is Auditory Processing Disorder?

Central Auditory Processing Disorder

Nemours KidsHealth – Auditory Processing Disorder

Auditory Processing Disorder Self-Screening

Online APD Screening

This free screening tool may help identify possible signs of Auditory Processing Disorder. It is not a diagnostic assessment.

If you suspect APD, arrange a comprehensive assessment with an audiologist. Management often involves a combination of audiology input, speech and language therapy, and, where appropriate, auditory training programmes.

Forbrain Auditory Processing Disorder Test

Speech Apraxia International discount:
10% off all Forbrain orders
Discount code: 3A9906634

Auditory Processing Disorder Checklist

How to use this checklist

Observe your child over several weeks rather than relying on a single day.

Try to observe them in different environments, including:

Home
School
Busy or noisy public places

Record how often each behaviour occurs (Never, Rarely, Sometimes, Often).

Tick each statement that applies, even if it only occurs occasionally.

Listening and Understanding

Difficulty identifying where sounds are coming from
Difficulty hearing when several people are talking
Easily distracted by background noise
Frequently misunderstands spoken information
Often asks for repetition ("What?" or "Pardon?")
Difficulty following multi-step spoken instructions
Difficulty joining conversations or classroom discussions
Reduced understanding of age-appropriate vocabulary
Difficulty understanding or remembering information that has been read
Difficulty recalling the order of events in stories or routines
Misunderstands meaning conveyed through tone of voice or intonation
Difficulty understanding humour, sarcasm, idioms or other non-literal language

Speaking and Communication

Slow to respond to spoken information
Difficulty answering verbal questions
Word-finding difficulties
Relies heavily on gestures or facial expressions
Frequently mispronounces words, particularly longer words
Difficulties using grammar correctly
Errors in word order
Uses short, simple sentences rather than more complex language
Gives inappropriate responses or fails to respond during conversation

Phonological Awareness

Confuses words with similar sounds
Difficulty recognising rhyming words
Difficulty identifying individual speech sounds
Difficulty identifying first or last sounds in words
Difficulty blending sounds together
Difficulty breaking words into individual sounds
Frequent spelling errors
Difficulty sounding out unfamiliar words when reading

Attention, Memory and Learning

Difficulty maintaining attention to spoken information
Appears to daydream or "switch off"
Difficulty following conversations
Difficulty remembering daily routines
Poor recall of verbal information
Delayed language development
Speech sound or phonological difficulties
Poor spelling
Poor reading and reading comprehension
Difficulty learning songs or nursery rhymes
Poor note-taking skills
Frequently forgets homework or verbal instructions
Requires extra time to complete schoolwork

Scoring

Record the number of items that apply in each section:

SectionScoreListening and Understanding___ /12Speaking and Communication___ /9Phonological Awareness___ /8Attention, Memory and Learning___ /13

Interpreting the Checklist

This checklist is not a diagnostic tool.

If approximately half or more of the items are present across several sections, consider seeking a comprehensive assessment by an audiologist experienced in Auditory Processing Disorder.

Following assessment, recommendations may include:

Audiological management
Speech and language therapy
Classroom accommodations
Listening strategies
Auditory training programmes where appropriate

ASHA Resources

Buy on amazon

Autism Spectrum Disorder and childhood apraxia of speech

Corticobasal Degeneration /Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Autism and Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) can occur together. Some autistic children are minimally verbal or non-speaking because of language, social communication or sensory differences, while others may also have a motor speech disorder such as CAS. Distinguishing between these presentations is essential, as intervention approaches may differ significantly.

This page brings together useful information, research and support for parents, professionals and researchers.

Parent Experiences

Lottie Berry' shares her family's journey as the mother of an autistic, non-speaking son with suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS).

https://taptypetalk.com/

Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Minimally Verbal Autistic Children

Presentation by Speech and Language Therapist Ruth Jones.

https://www.patreon.com/SpeechApraxiaInternational/posts/childhood-of-and-162426264?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_fan&utm_content=web_share

Speech and Language Development

Communication Development Center

Speech and language development in autism.

https://communicationdevelopmentcenter.com/

Video Resource-Fantastic Short Film About Autism

https://youtu.be/2aQqo1HaJWI?si=PbNFO6Et139ek0H1

Neurodiversity-Affirming Practice

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dmcn.15214 (Neurodivergence-informed Therapy)
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ojot/vol10/iss4/6/ (Neurodiversity-Affirming Practices are a Moral Imperative for Occupational Therapy)
https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/neurodiversity-affirmative-education-why-and-how (Neurodiversity-Affirmative Education: Why and How?)

Autism Interventions

https://www.autismcrc.com.au/

Communication and Healthcare

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449320/ (Autistic SPACE Framework)

5 Good Communication Standards RCSLT

www.rcslt.org/wp-content/uploads/media/Project/RCSLT/five-good-communication-standards.pdf

Behaviour and Emotional Regulation

Neurodevelopment and Diagnosis

https://www.thirdspace.scot/nait/

Autistic Masking

Transition to Adulthood

Co-production

ASHA Autism Resources

https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/autism/

Resources for Families

Early Years

Adults

https://askjan.org/

General Autism Resources

Education

Understanding Autism

https://neuroinclusiveeducation.com/understanding-autism/

Autism and Childhood Apraxia of Speech can occur together. Every autistic child or adult with persistent speech difficulties should receive a comprehensive assessment that considers motor speech, language, hearing, sensory processing and overall communication, ensuring intervention is tailored to their individual profile.

Corticobasal Degeneration /Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy are most commonly responsible for primary progressive apraxia of speech. nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23687-8

PSPA (PSP Association UK)
Information, support, local groups and practical advice for people living with PSP and corticobasal degeneration.
https://pspassociation.org.uk
CurePSP
International charity providing education, research updates and support for PSP, corticobasal degeneration and related disorders.
https://www.psp.org
NHS – Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Overview of symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Progressive supranuclear palsy - NHS

Do you want to help research PSP? If so you can join this register. Our work in congenital conditions and rare diseases - NDRS

Developmental Dyspraxia

Corticobasal Degeneration /Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Developmental language disorder

Developmental Dyspraxia (global apraxia). Developmental coordination disorder or dyspraxia refers to an overall motor incoordination which is commonly found alongside childhood apraxia of speech.

Developmental language disorder

Corticobasal Degeneration /Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Developmental language disorder

People with CAS show elevated levels of antigliadin IgA antibodies and glutamate, along with reduced levels of GABA, unlike those with DLD.

Dysfluency

Fredreich's Ataxia

Dysfluency

For individuals with apraxia of speech, periods of progress can be interrupted by sudden dysfluency, pauses, repetitions, or stuttering-like moments. Apraxia of speech and dysfluency are different conditions but can sometimes co-occur.

Literature review of what are the attitudes toward people who clutter, and can negative attitudes towards cluttering be changed? - to read please email info@speechapraxia.co.uk

Stamma.org

Epilepsy

Fredreich's Ataxia

Dysfluency

Epilepsy, autism and apraxia of speech can sometimes co-occur due to genetic influence.

epilepsy.org.uk

Fredreich's Ataxia

While dysarthria (slurred speech) is common in Friedreich’s ataxia, some individuals may also show signs of apraxia of speech.

Mental Health

Mable Therapy | The link between children's mental health and speech

RCSLT-briefing-Mental-Health-Bill-Committee-Stage-Briefing-January-2025.pdf

Stroke/neurological injury/disease

You may acquire both apraxia of speech and ataxic dysarthria, particularly after complex neurological events like a cerebellar stroke, multi-focal brain injuries, or neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Multiple System Atrophy or certain forms of progressive ataxia). In these cases, you may experience both impaired motor speech planning (speech apraxia) and motor execution/coordination difficulties (ataxia).

Stroke Resources

Genetic, metabolic, or mitochondrial disorders

Cohen syndrome

49,XXXXY and Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

In Cohen syndrome severe speech delay is observed in most children over 5 years, highlighting the need to screen for speech apraxia early.

Cohen association

49,XXXXY and Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

49,XXXXY and Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS). Both conditions affect neurodevelopment, facial features, and motor skills. 49,XXXXY is associated with childhood apraxia of speech.

Creatine Deficiency Syndromes

49,XXXXY and Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

Creatine Deficiency Syndromes

Creatine transporter deficiency can cause speech apraxia, not just language delay. Affected children may understand

more than they can say, due to motor planning difficulties. Motor-based speech therapy is key.

L-Arginine:Glycine Amidinotransferase (AGAT) Deficiency

Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase (GAMT) Deficiency

Creatine Transporter Deficiency (CTD)

#creatinedeficiency

Association for Creatine Deficiencies - Advancing Creatine Disorder Research

Down Syndrome

Creatine Deficiency Syndromes

Many individuals with Down syndrome experience difficulties with speech intelligibility Recent parent-reported data shows that many people with down syndrome display hallmark features of apraxia, such as inconsistent speech errors and difficulty sequencing sounds.

Resource

Buy on Amazon

Ectodermal dysplasia

Ectodermal dysplasias are a group of rare inherited conditions affecting structures such as teeth, hair, nails, and sometimes the ears and nerves. While speech apraxia is not a core feature, certain aspects of ectodermal dysplasia may increase the risk of motor speech difficulties. Oral differences, such as missing or malformed teeth and changes in palate shape, can make it harder for children to master precise speech movements. Hearing difficulties linked to inner ear development, may reduce the auditory feedback needed for speech learning. In rare cases, neurological involvement may affect the nerves or brain regions that coordinate speech planning. Repeated ENT issues and reduced oral-motor practice can further compound these challenges. Together, these factors may contribute to speech apraxia in some individuals.

edsociety.co.uk

Fragile X

Homocystinuria

Galactosaemia

Pragmatic difficulties, oral-motor coordination, attention deficits Fragile X Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of the Most Common Inherited Intellectual Disability • FRAXA Research Foundation - Finding a Cure for Fragile X Syndrome

Galactosaemia

Homocystinuria

Galactosaemia

Galactosemia, a rare inherited metabolic condition in which the body cannot properly break down galactose (sugar in dairy), has a high co-occurrence with speech apraxia

Galactosaemia.org

Homocystinuria

Hypomelanosis of Ito

Children with homocystinuria, a rare metabolic disorder, can present with developmental delays, intellectual disability, and speech-language difficulties. Motor speech disorders, including childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), may occur due to the impact of homocystinuria on the nervous system and motor control. In such cases, apraxia therapy focuses on improving motor planning for speech, while also considering the broader cognitive, metabolic, and medical needs of the child. (please note photo may not reflect syndrome)

Hypomelanosis of Ito

Hypomelanosis of Ito is a rare condition characterized by distinctive skin changes, in which areas of the body lack skin color (hypopigmentation). Speech Apraxia-like profiles in some cases (speech motor planning difficulties)

Joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers–Danlos syndrome

Individuals with joint hypermobility syndromes, including Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobility type (EDS-HT), often experience a wider neurodevelopmental profile beyond joints and skin and can extend to oral motor control. (Baeza-Velasco, 2021).

Genetic and Acquired Disorders

Buy on amazon

Genetic conditions which may have speech apraxia

Kabuki syndrome

7q11.23 duplication syndrome

Kabuki syndrome

Key characteristics include distinctive facial features such as arched eyebrows with thinning in the outer half, unusually shaped or prominent ears, and a depressed nasal tip; skeletal differences affecting the fingers or vertebrae; persistent fetal finger pads; mild to moderate intellectual disability; and short stature. In more than 70% of cases, the condition is linked to mutations in the MLL2 gene. Children may also present with speech features such as differences in resonance and prosody, alongside articulation difficulties, some of which may resemble or be described as apraxia of speech.

Kabukiuk.org.uk

Noonan syndrome

7q11.23 duplication syndrome

Kabuki syndrome

Noonan syndrome is a genetic condition usually caused by changes (mutations) in certain genes (e.g., PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1).. It has wide-ranging features, including those that affect speech, language, and communication

Noonansyndrome.org.uk

7q11.23 duplication syndrome

7q11.23 duplication syndrome is a rare genetic condition linked to developmental delays in motor, speech, and social skills, alongside neurologic features such as hypotonia, abnormal gait, and involuntary movements. Speech sound disorders are highly prevalent, with around 83% of children affected. The most common is childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), a motor planning disorder that makes accurate and consistent speech production difficult, followed by dysarthria and phonological disorders. Language profiles often show stronger vocabulary than grammar skills. Early, intensive speech-language therapy, particularly with systematic phonics approaches. supports better language and literacy outcomes. Behavioral challenges, anxiety, ADHD, and autism spectrum features may also be present. Distinctive facial features, congenital anomalies, and cardiovascular issues (notably aortic dilation) are common.

PURA syndrome

Worster-Drought Syndrome

7q11.23 duplication syndrome

PURA syndrome is caused by mutations in the PURA gene, located on chromosome 5 leading to significant neurodevelopmental challenges and profound impacts on communication. A key feature is the high prevalence of Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), a motor speech disorder that disrupts the brain’s ability to plan and sequence the precise movements needed for speech. Many individuals with PURA syndrome are non-speaking, highlighting the severity of expressive language impairment. In contrast, receptive language skills—understanding speech—are often relatively stronger, suggesting a clear expressive–receptive gap. Alongside CAS, phonological and articulation difficulties may also be present. Early diagnosis and targeted intervention by a multidisciplinary team are vital, with speech and language therapy focusing on alternative communication strategies to support expressive communication.

PURA Association

Rubinstein-Taybi

Worster-Drought Syndrome

The only way to know if someone has the condition is by noting the characteristic physical features. The facial features include a small head size, thick scalp hair which may extend onto the forehead, down-slanting eyes, a prominent nose, a a small mouth, and a high-arched palate. Additionally, the thumbs and first toes are broad and sometimes angulated. Speech problems are present in about 90% of patients.

Worster-Drought Syndrome

Worster-Drought Syndrome (WDS), also known as congenital suprabulbar paresis, is a rare form of cerebral palsy

The underlying cause is often linked to abnormalities in the perisylvian cortex, sometimes due to congenital bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria. Differential diagnosis is crucial, as WDS can be confused with childhood apraxia of speech or structural anomalies. Unlike apraxia, WDS shows clear neuromotor signs and persistent bulbar involvement. Early recognition is vital to plan interventions, manage feeding and communication, and support families long-term.

www.wdssg.org

Other genetic conditions

Search for reputable, evidence-

based sources – NIH

• GeneReviews – NORD

– OMIM

• Patient/professional organizations – Affiliated with reputable national

orgs/societies – Medical Advisory Board

– Centers of Excellence

www.wdssg.org

Coexisting conditions

Sensory Processing Difficulties

Visual processing disorder /apraxia

Emerging evidence suggests a link between sensory processing and speaking.

Björelius, H., Tükel, S., Tsilingaridis, G., Malmenholt, A., & Terband, H. (2025). Sensory profiles in children with speech sound disorders. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1159/000548782

Visual Processing and Speech - Christine Nearchou Patreon- Speech Apraxia Interantional

https://www.patreon.com/SpeechApraxiaInternational/posts/sensory-and-are-160015086?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_fan&utm_content=web_share

Visual Processing Disorder (VPD) & Information Dysfunction

Visual processing disorder /apraxia

Visual gaze apraxia

This is the only organisation in the world that focuses on eye glaze dyspraxia

About us - Our goals | For Small Steps ODV Sardinia

Visual processing disorder and learning difficulties

https://youtu.be/dnLpQvODZik?si=0xSRv5q8IzeCDzCF

showPdf

Visual Cognition Assessment Tool for Children

Other factors

Enabling communication

Home - Communication Access UK

Informing and Profiling Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Knowledge and Skills

ipaacks.pdf

Eating and drinking

Speech Apraxia does not usually effect eating, drinking or swallowing. However other co-occuring conditions might.

Support may include:

adapting food textures,
pacing strategies,
oral motor support,
posture advice,
environmental changes,
and exercises targeting coordination and control.

Buy Picky eaters

Hearing impairements

Children and adults can have both speech apraxia and hearing loss. Unfortunately, one condition can sometimes mask the other, meaning speech apraxia may go undiagnosed or be mistaken for difficulties caused solely by hearing loss.

Hearing assessment should be a routine part of every speech and language evaluation, and individuals with hearing loss who have persistent speech difficulties should also be assessed for speech apraxia.

Why This Matters

Hearing checks should be a standard part of every speech and language assessment.
Speech apraxia can occur alongside hearing loss.
Hearing loss does not rule out Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) or acquired apraxia of speech.
Speech apraxia is often overlooked in deaf and hard of hearing individuals.
Early diagnosis allows appropriate therapy and better long-term communication outcomes.

Assessment

A comprehensive assessment should include:

Audiology

Full hearing assessment
Hearing aid review
Cochlear implant review (where appropriate)
Functional listening assessment

Speech and Language

Assessment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
Assessment for acquired apraxia of speech (where appropriate)
Speech sound assessment
Oral motor examination
Language assessment
Functional communication assessment

Multidisciplinary Team

Assessment is often most effective when professionals work together, including:

Speech and Language Therapist
Audiologist
Teacher of the Deaf
ENT specialist
Cochlear implant team
Educational professionals
Parents and carers

Therapy and Intervention

Treatment should always be individualised and may include:

Motor speech therapy
Listening and spoken language therapy
Auditory verbal therapy
British Sign Language (BSL) or other sign language support
AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication)
Hearing aid or cochlear implant support
Home practice programmes
School support

UK Professional Guidance

The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) provides detailed guidance for professionals working with deaf and hard of hearing people.

RCSLT Deafness Overview

Start here:

RCSLT Deafness Overview

Professional Guidance

UK Professional Organisations

Deaf Organisations

National Deaf Children's Society (NDCS)
RNID
British Deaf Association (BDA)
Royal Association for Deaf People (RAD)
Hearing Link Services
SignHealth
Sense
deafscotland deafscotland - YouTube
Life and Deaf Life and Deaf UK | Deaf Awareness, Support & Inclusive Living
Wales Council for Deaf People

Family Support

Hear Together
The Elizabeth Foundation
Cochlear Implanted Children's Support (CICS)
Microtia UK
Auditory Verbal UK (AVUK)
Cued Speech UK

Hearing Technology

UK Reports

RNID Social research reports - RNID

The Hearing Matters reports describe the impact of hearing loss across the UK.

Hearing Matters Reports (England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland)

National Deaf Children's Society

Right from the Start Report (PDF) Right-from-the-Start-campaign-report-FINAL.pdf

International Organisations

A diagnosis of hearing loss does not exclude speech apraxia, and a diagnosis of speech apraxia does not exclude hearing loss. Individuals with both conditions benefit from early identification, multidisciplinary assessment, collaborative working, and evidence-based intervention that addresses both their hearing and speech motor needs